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Medical References

Content on Flatfoot.org is built on peer-reviewed orthopedic literature and major textbook sources. The references below underpin the diagnostic and surgical guidance across the site.

  1. Mosca VS. Flexible flatfoot in children and adolescents. Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 2010;4(2):107–121. doi.org
  2. Evans D, Mosca VS. Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular coalitions and the calcaneal lengthening osteotomy. Foot and Ankle Clinics. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Blitz NM, Stabile RJ, Giorgini RJ, DiDomenico LA. Flexible pediatric and adolescent pes planovalgus: conservative and surgical treatment. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery. 2010;27(1):59–77. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Rome K, Ashford RL, Evans A. Non-surgical interventions for paediatric pes planus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;(7):CD006311. doi.org
  5. Deland JT. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2008;16(7):399–406. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Bouchard M, Mosca VS. Flatfoot deformity in children and adolescents: surgical indications and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2014;22(10):623–632. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Sharma J, Fabian A, et al. Diagnosis and management of tarsal coalition. EFORT Open Reviews. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Rodriguez N, Choung DJ, Dobbs MB. Rigid pediatric pes planovalgus: conservative and surgical treatment options. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery. 2010;27(1):79–92. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

References are provided for verification and further reading. They do not constitute medical advice, and the presence of a citation does not imply endorsement by its authors.